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SDF testing is recommended for men with varicoceles (enlarged veins within the scrotum) idiopathic or unexplained infertility recurrent pregnancy loss recurrent IVF treatment failure abnormal semen parameters resulting from defective sperm maturation and premature cell death exposure to modifiable lifestyle risk factors, including heat exposure, smoking, environmental pollutants, and chemotherapeutics.
SDF tests are generally classified into two groups: direct and indirect. In direct tests, the extent of sperm DNA damage is measured using probes and dyes. However, indirect tests assess the susceptibility of DNA to denaturation which occurs more commonly in fragmented DNA. The most commonly used methods to measure SDF are:
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Preimplantation genetic testing for a monogenic gene (PGT‐M) is formerly known as Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGT-M is a diagnostic tool for